2007 The ARRL Handbook For Radio CommunicationsEditor Mark J. Wilson, K1RO Contributing Editors Steven R. Ford, WB8IMY Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI Editorial Assistant Maty Weinberg, KB1EIB Technical Consultants Michael E. Gruber, W1MG Edward F. Hare, Jr., W1RFI Zachary H.J.
Lau, W1VT Michael D. Tracy, KC1SXCover Design Sue Fagan Bob Inderbitzen, NQ1R Production Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT Jodi Morin, KA1JPA David F. Pingree, N1NAS CD-ROM Production Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT Hugh Brower, KB1NFI Proofreader Kathy FordAdditional Contributors to the 2007 Edition David Benson, K1SWL Stu Cohen, N1SC Larry Coyle, K1QW Paul Danzer, N1II John C. Hennessee, N1KB (SK) Tom O’Hara, W6ORG Roger Hayward, KA7EXM Bill Kelsey, N8ET Dan Kemppainen, N8XJK Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA Bill Smith, KO4NR John Stanley, K4ERO Richard Stroud, W9SR Jim Tonne, WB6BLD Edward Wetherhold, W3NQNCover Info: Everyone loves a useful weekend project, and Dave Benson, K1SWL, has a knack for coming up with simple and elegant designs. Shown on the front cover is the latest incarnation of the HiMite, a simple CW transceiver that you can build for one of several bands. Details are in Chapter 15. Shown at the top of the back cover is a project that solves an age-old problem.
In Chapter 19, Bill Smith, KO4NR, describes a remote antenna switch that can feed up to six antennas with a single feed line. Crank up your soldering iron!FrontPC.pmd1Eighty-Fourth EditionPublished by: ARRL—the national association for Amateur Radio Newington, CT 06111 USA8/24/2006, 12:36 PMCopyright © 2006 by The American Radio Relay League, Inc.Copyright secured under the Pan-American Convention International Copyright secured This work is Publication No. 6 of the Radio Amateur’s Library, published by the ARRL. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced in any form except by written permission of the publisher. All rights of translation are reserved. Printed in the USAQuedan reservados todos los derechos ISBN: 0-87259-976-0 Softcover ISBN: 0-87259-977-9 Hardcover Eighty-Fourth EditionFrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMContents Foreword Amateur’s Code Schematic Symbols Chapter 1 — What is Amateur (Ham) Radio?
Hobby of Diversities. 1.2 Your License. 1.3 US Amateur Bands.
1.4 Ham Radio Action. 1.5 Getting Started. 1.7 Governing Regulations. 1.11 Resources.
1.15 Glossary. 1.16 Chapter 2 — Activities in Amateur Radio Awards.
2.1 Contests. 2.2 Nets. 2.3 Amateur Radio Education. 2.4 Emergency Communications. 2.5 Specialized Communications. 2.6 Vintage Radio. 2.11 Chapter 3 — Safety Antenna and Tower Safety.
3.1 Electrical Wiring Around the Shack. 3.3 Lightning/Transient Protection. 3.5 Grounds. 3.7 Project: An Earth-Continuity Tester.
3.9 Station Power. 3.11 FCC RF-Exposure Regulations. 3.12 Safe Homebrewing. 3.14 RF Radiation and EMF Safety. 3.15 Other Hazards in the Ham Shack. 3.19FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 4 — Electrical Fundamentals DC Circuits and Resistance. 4.1 Series and Parallel Resistances.
4.3 Power and Energy. 4.6 Circuits and Components.
4.8 AC Theory and Reactance. 4.11 Capacitance and Capacitors. 4.18 Inductance and Inductors.
4.25 Quality Factor (Q) of Components. 4.32 Calculating Practical Inductors. 4.32 Ohm’s Law for Reactance.
4.37 Impedance. 4.42 Resonant Circuits. 4.47 Transformers. 4.54 Chapter 5 — Electrical Signals and Components Analog Glossary.
5.1 Analog Signal Processing. 5.2 Analog Devices. 5.6 Practical Semiconductors. 5.17 Transistor Amplifier Design. 5.26 Digital Fundamentals. 5.38 Number Systems. 5.39 Physical Rep.
Of Binary States. 5.41 Combinational Logic. 5.42 Sequential Logic. 5.45 Digital Integrated Circuits.
5.51 Computer Hardware. 5.58 Chapter 6 — Real-World Component Characteristics Lumped vs Distributed Elements.
6.1 Low-Frequency Component Models. 6.2 Components at RF. 6.10 Thermal Considerations. 6.16 The Thermistor in Homebrew Projects. 6.20 Low-Frequency Transistor Models. 6.23FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 7 — Component Data and References Component Values. 7.1 Component Markings.
7.1 Inductors and Core Materials. 7.5 Other Sources of Component Data. 7.11 Semiconductors.
7.15 Integrated Circuits. 7.28 Vacuum Tubes.
7.32 Other. 7.36 References. 7.38 General/Electronics/Computers. 7.38 Components/Equipment. 7.45 Antennas/Transmission Lines.
7.46 Modes. 7.50 Operating and Interference. 7.52 Message Handling. 7.63 Chapter 8 — Circuit Construction Shop Safety. 8.1 Tools and their Uses. 8.1 Project: A Deluxe Soldering Station. 8.6 Project: Soldering-Iron Temperature Control.
8.7 Electronic Circuits. 8.7 Surface Mount Construction Techniques. 8.12 From Schematic to Working Circuit. 8.18 Microwave Construction Techniques. 8.22 How to Buy Parts for Electronics Projects.
8.24 Mechanical Fabrication. 8.25 Chapter 9 — Modes and Systems Issues Common to all Transmission Modes.
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9.1 Emission, Modulation & Transmission Characteristics. 9.3 Major Modulation Systems. 9.5 Morse Telegraphy (CW). 9.7 Digital Communications. 9.8 Internetworking.
9.21 Radio Control (R/C). 9.22 Voice Modes. 9.26 Facsimile. 9.32 Slow-Scan Television (SSTV). 9.34 Fast-Scan Television.
9.38 Spread Spectrum. 9.43 Multimedia Systems. 9.47FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 10 — Oscillators and Synthesizers How Oscillators Work. 10.2 Phase Noise. 10.5 Oscillator Circuits and Construction. 10.12 VHF and UHF Oscillators.
10.28 Frequency Synthesizers. 10.32 Phase-Locked Loops. 10.33 Synthesizer in an MF/HF Transceiver. 10.49 Trends in Oscillator Applications.
10.52 Chapter 11 — Mixers, Modulators and Demodulators The Mechanism of Mixers and Mixing. 11.1 Practical Building Blocks. 11.13 Testing and Calculating IMD in Receivers.
11.20 Chapter 12 — RF and AF Filters Basic Concepts. 12.1 Filter Synthesis. 12.5 Designs using Software/SVC Tables. 12.8 Chebyshev Filter Design. 12.11 Quartz Crystal Filters. 12.16 Monolithic Crystal Filters.
12.18 SAW Filters. 12.18 Transmission-Line Filters. 12.19 Helical Resonators. 12.23 Active Filters.
12.27 Project: Crystal Filter Evaluation. 12.27 Project: Band-Pass Filters for 144 or 222 MHz. 12.30 Project: High-Performance Passive CW Filter. 12.31 Project: Broadcast Band Rejection Filter. 12.35 Project: A Wave Trap for Broadcast Stations. 12.36 Project: Second-Harmonic-Optimized LP Filters. 12.37 Project: High Power 50 MHz Low Pass Filter.
12.39 Project: The Diplexer Filter. 12.40 Chapter 13 — EMI/Direction Finding The Scope of the Problem. 13.1 Responsibility. 13.2 EMC Fundamentals. 13.3 Cures. 13.5 TVI Troubleshooting Chart. 13.8 Amateur Harmonics/CATV Chart.
13.10 Project: Finding Shack Noise Sources. 13.15 Radio Direction Finding. 13.17 Project: The Simple Seeker. 13.28 Project: Active Attenuator for VHF-FM. 13.30FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 14 — Receivers and Transmitters A Single-Stage Building Block. 14.1 Negative Feedback in RF Design. 14.4 Receiver Design Techniques.
14.14 The Superheterodyne Receiver. 14.20 VHF and UHF Receivers.
14.34 Project: GaAsFET Preamp for 430 MHz. 14.36 Project: Microwave Receiver for 10 GHz. 14.41 Transmitter Design. 14.42 Project: A Rock-Bending Receiver for 7 MHz. 14.61 Project: A Wideband MMIC Preamp.
14.64 Project: A Binaural I-Q Receiver. 14.66 Project: A Superregenerative Receiver with Squelch. 14.72 Project: A Broadband HF Amp using MOSFETS. 14.74 Project: A Drift-Free VFO. 14.81 Project: A Simple Regenerative HF Receiver. 14.85 Chapter 15 — Transceivers, Transverters and Repeaters Transceiver Example. 15.1 Project: The Norcal Sierra — An 80-15 M CW Transceiver.
15.9 Project: The HiMite — A Simple Single-Band CW Transceiver. 15.15 Transverters.
15.19 Repeaters. 15.20 Chapter 16 — DSP and Software Radio Design DSP Fundamentals.
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16.1 DSP Algorithms for Radio. 16.5 Analytic Signals and Modulation. 16.9 Digital Speech Processing.
16.16 Interference-Reduction Techniques. 16.17 Fourier Transforms.
16.19 Radio Architectures for DSP. 16.26 Software Radios.
16.31 Hardware for Embedded DSP Systems. 16.32 DSP System Software.
16.34 DSP Projects. 16.36 Project A: Decimation. 16.36 Project B: FIR Filter Design Variations.
16.36 Project C: Analytic Filter Pair Generation. 16.39 Project D: Newton’s Method for Square Roots. 16.39 Project E: A Fast Square-Root Algorithm. 16.39 Project F: A High-Performance DDS. 16.41 Project G: Fast Binary Multiplier In High-speed CMOS Logic. 16.42FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 17 — Power Supplies Glossary. 17.1 Alternating-Current Power.
17.2 Rectifier Types. 17.4 Rectifier Circuits. 17.5 Filtration. 17.11 Regulation. 17.12 High-Voltage Techniques.
17.20 Batteries and Charging. 17.20 Emergency Operations. 17.24 Power-Supply Projects. 17.24 Project: Series-Regulated 4.5- to 25-V Supply.
17.25 Project: A 12 V dc Boost Regulator. 17.28 Project: 28-V, High-Current Supply.
17.36 Project: Commercial-Quality, High-Voltage Supply. 17.40 Project: Micro M+ Charge Controller. 17.41 Project: The UPS—A Universal Supply. 17.44 Project: A Portable Power Supply.
17.46 Chapter 18 — RF Power Amplifiers Types of Power Amplifiers. 18.1 Design Examples. 18.19 Project: 3CX1500D7 kW HF Amplifier. 18.29 Project: A 6-Meter kW Amplifier. 18.37 Project: A 144-MHz Amplifier. 18.40 Chapter 19 — Station Layout and Accessories Fixed Stations.
19.1 Mobile and Portable Installations. 19.13 Project: Tick-2—A Tiny CMOS Keyer 2. 19.17 Project: An Expandable Headphone Mixer. 19.20 Project: A Simple 10-Minute ID Timer.
19.21 Project: Audio Break-Out Box. 19.21 Project: An SWR Detector Audio Adapter. 19.23 Project: Tandem Match — Directional Wattmeter.
19.25 Project: Automatic Antenna Switch for Yaesu or ICOM. 19.31 Project: A Trio of Transceiver/Computer Interfaces. 19.35 Project: TR Time-Delay Generator.
19.38 Project: A Switched Attenuator. 19.42 Project: Simple QRP TR Changeover. 19.43 Project: QRP L-Match ATU. 19.44 Project: QRP T-Match ATU. 19.46 Project: Digital Communication Interface. 19.47 Project: Remote Antenna Switch.
19.51 Project: PIC-Based Power Meter. 19.53FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 20 — Propagation of RF Signals Fundamentals of Radio Waves. 20.1 Propagation Summary by Band.
20.4 MUF Prediction. 20.18 Propagation in the Troposphere. 20.19 Extraterrestrial Propagation. 20.24 Chapter 21 — Transmission Lines Basics. 21.1 Matched Lines. 21.3 Reflections on the Smith Chart. 21.4 Matching the Antenna to the Line.
21.10 Matching the Line to the Transmitter. 21.13 Loads and Balancing Devices. 21.14 Waveguides.
21.17 Chapter 22 — Antennas Antenna Polarization. 22.1 Dipoles and the Half-Wave Antenna. 22.4 Project: 135-FT Multiband Dipole.
22.11 Antenna Modeling by Computer. 22.12 Project: A 40/15-M Dual-Band Dipole. 22.13 Project: K8SYL 75/10-M Dual-Band Dipole. 22.14 Project: W4RNL Inverted-U Antenna. 22.14 Project: Two W8NX Multiband, Coax-Trap Dipoles. 22.19 Vertical Antennas.
22.23 Optimum Ground Systems for Vertical Antennas. 22.23 Project: Top-Loaded Low-Band Antenna. 22.27 Inverted L and Sloper Antennas. 22.29 Project: 1.8-MHz Inverted L. 22.30 Project: Half-Wave Vertical Dipole (HVD). 22.30 Project: The Compact Vertical Dipole (CVD).
22.31 Project: All Wire 30-M CVD. 22.33 Yagi and Quad Directive Antennas. 22.33 Quad Antennas. 22.38 Project: Five-Band, Two-Element HF Quad. 22.39 Project: Simple Quad for 40 M.
22.43 Project: Simple Loop for 28 MHz. 22.45 HF Mobile Antennas. 22.45 VHF/UHF Antennas. 22.53 Project: Simple Portable Groundplane Antenna. 22.56 Project: Dual-Band Antenna for 146/446 MHz.
22.57 Project: A Quick Antenna for 223 MHz. 22.58 Project: An All-Copper 2-M J-Pole. 22.58 VHF/UHF Yagis. 22.60 Project: 3- and 5-Element Yagis for 6 M. 22.60 Project: A Medium Gain 2-M Yagi.
22.61FrontPC.pmd, 2:47 PMChapter 23 — Space Communications An Amateur Satellite Primer. 23.1 Amateur Satellite History. 23.4 Satellite Ground Stations. 23.10 Project: Single Brick L-Band Amplifier. 23.13 Project: Double Brick L-Band Amplifier. 23.13 Receiving Systems.
23.15 Antennas. 23.18 Project: Parabolic Dish Construction. 23.23 Project: Helix Feed for an Offset Dish. 23.24 Project: Integrated AO-40 Antenna System.
23.26 Glossary of Satellite Terminology. 23.28 Earth-Moon-Earth (EME). 23.32 Chapter 24 — Web, Wi-Fi, Wireless and PC Technology The Internet and World Wide Web.
24.1 Ham’s Guide to Useful Internet Sites. 24.2 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). 24.4 Wireless Technology. 24.5 Personal Computers in the Shack.
24.10 Chapter 25 — Test Procedures DC Instruments and Circuits. 25.3 AC Instruments and Circuits. 25.8 Project: The Microwatter.
25.11 Frequency Measurement. 25.14 Project: Marker Generator with Selectable Output. 25.15 Project: A Dip Meter with Digital Display.
25.17 Other Instruments and Measurements. 25.20 Project: A Wide-Range Audio Oscillator. 25.20 Project: Measure Inductance and Capacitance with a DVM.
25.21 Oscilloscopes. 25.22 Project: HF Adapter for Narrow Bandwidth Scopes. 25.27 Project: A Calibrated Noise Source. 25.27 Project: Signal Generator for Receiver Testing.
25.31 Project: Hybrid Combiners for Signal Generators. 25.34 Project: Compensated Modular RF Voltmeter.
25.35 Receiver Performance Tests. 25.41 Transmitter Performance Tests. 25.49 Chapter 26 — Troubleshooting and Repair Safety First. 26.1 Where to Begin. 26.5 Testing within a Stage. 26.9 Typical Symptoms and Faults. 26.12 Troubleshooting Hints.
26.17 After the Repairs. 26.27 Professional Repairs. 26.28 Advertisers Index. A-1 Index About the ARRL About the Included CD-ROMFrontPC.pmd1, 2:47 PMForeword Amateur Radio has changed over the years, and The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications has evolved as well. What hasn’t changed is that the Handbook includes technical information and projects touching on many aspects of today’s Amateur Radio. Here you’ll find information on fundamental electronics concepts, components and building blocks, analog and digital radio design, troubleshooting techniques, antennas and much more. Building on a major revision for the 2005 edition, this year Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA, freshened the Propagation chapter, while Tom O’Hara, W6ORG updated the ATV section in Chapter 9.
Paul Danzer, N1II, revised the Computer Hardware information in Chapter 5 and Stu Cohen, N1SC, added a section on Vintage Radio to the activities in Chapter 2. Projects new to the Handbook this year include the HiMite, a simple singleband CW transceiver by Dave Benson, K1SWL, a 12-V dc boost regulator for mobile or portable operation by Dan Kemppainen, N8XJK and a top loaded lowband antenna from Dick Stroud, W9SR. Dick also contributed details of a highpower 6-meter low-pass filter. Chapter 19 features several new station accessories you can build — a digital communication interface by Larry Coyle, K1QW, a PIC-based HF/VHF power meter by Roger Hayward, KA7EXM, and a remote antenna switch by Bill Smith, KO4NR. The CD-ROM at the back of the book includes all of the text and illustrations in the printed book, as well as companion software, PC board templates and other support files. Although most people prefer to sit and read the printed book, the electronic version has a powerful search feature for looking things up, and it’s convenient to print out a few pages to bring to your workbench or mark up with notes and comments. We hope that you find the 2007 ARRL Handbook a useful addition to your Amateur Radio library.
David Sumner, K1ZZ Chief Executive Officer Newington, Connecticut September 2006FrontPC.pmd1, 2:47 PMThe Amateur’s Code The Radio Amateur is: CONSIDERATEnever knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others. LOYALoffers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally. PROGRESSIVEwith knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach. FRIENDLYslow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginner; kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.
BALANCEDradio is an avocation, never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school or community. PATRIOTICstation and skill always ready for service to country and community.—The original Amateur’s Code was written by Paul M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928.FrontPC.pmd1, 2:47 PMFrontPC.pmd1, 2:47 PMGuide to ARRL Member Services ARRL, 225 Main Street Newington, Connecticut, USA tel. 860-594-0200, Mon-Fri 8 AM to 5 PM ET (except holidays) FAX: 860-594-0303e-mail:ARRLWeb: www.arrl.orgInterested in Becoming a Ham? Www.arrl.org/hamradio e-mail: tel.
Barter, G8ATD, Format 240 mm x 174 mm, 544 Seiten,ISBN: 9781-9050-8644-3The microwave bands are a very popular part of the amateur radio spectrum. They provide the space to experiment with many of the modern modes of transmission and, with the availability of high performance components, kits and ready built units, there is ample opportunity for everyone to take advantage of these interesting bands.The Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) in partnership with the American Radio Relay league (ARRL) has produced this second edition of this International Microwave Handbook.
As before, this book provides reference information and designs from around the world of microwaves. Material has been drawn from many sources including the RSGB journal RadCom and the ARRL publications QST and QEX. Alongside this, a truly international range of material from radio amateurs has been sourced from countries including Germany, Slovenia, Australia, South Africa, USA, UK and many more.The book contains invaluable reference material for those who want to understand these exciting bands.The fundamental principles used to design and construct equipment for the microwave bands are all covered. Techniques and devices lead the reader to understand the wide range of modern components and equipment available that can reasonably be used by radio amateurs - these range from those that can be used by most radio amateurs to those that require a high degree of skill.This second edition of International Microwave Handbook has been overhauled and updated to incorporate the many advances that have led to an easier and more cost effective entry onto the microwave bands. For those considering the move to the microwave bands or those already active, this book is the best guide to this exciting area of amateur radio.